The Sphenoid Sinus as a Biometric Marker: AI-Based Automated Segmentation in CT Imaging for Forensic Identification

Reliable personal identification remains a major challenge in forensic medicine, particularly in cases involving decomposition, thermal injury, or absence of DNA and dental records. In this context, anatomically protected and morphologically unique structures such as the sphenoid sinus may serve as valuable biometric markers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the forensic applicability of sphenoid sinus morphology using computed tomography (CT), automated segmentation, and three-dimensional (3D) computational analysis. The proposed framework integrates CT-based image preprocessing, automated 3D segmentation using nnU-Net architecture, and geometric comparison of reconstructed sphenoid sinus models through point cloud analysis and deep learning approaches. Morphological variability, spatial configuration, and structural stability of the sphenoid sinus were analyzed as discriminative biometric features. The GSA-Net–based identification model demonstrated high recognition performance, achieving Top-1 accuracies exceeding 97.8% and Top-3 accuracies up to 100% in controlled datasets. The results support the concept that the sphenoid sinus possesses sufficient individuality and anatomical preservation to enable reliable ante-mortem and post-mortem identification. The study highlights the potential of integrating automated segmentation and AI-driven 3D analysis into forensic workflows and emphasizes the importance of standardized imaging protocols and larger annotated datasets for future clinical and forensic implementation.