Architecting Biomimetic Proton Channels in Membranes for Energy and Environment Applications

Biological proton channels enable rapid and perfectly selective proton transport through highly confined and functionalized structures. Inspired by these natural systems, this review first elucidates the fundamental transport mechanisms underlying biological proton channels (e.g., Hv1, M2), emphasizing the role of hydrogen bonding networks and the Grotthuss mechanism. We then focus on the architectural design of biomimetic proton channels within membrane environments, systematically summarizing the evolution of these channels from one dimensional to two dimensional and three dimensional building blocks. Particular attention is paid to how these nanostructures are integrated into membrane matrices to break the traditional trade-off between proton conductivity and selectivity. Furthermore, the review highlights the critical role of these biomimetic membranes in energy and environment applications, including energy conversion, osmotic energy harvesting, and waste acid recovery. Finally, we provide perspectives on the challenges of long term stability and large scale fabrication for the practical implementation of these bio-inspired membrane technologies.