Minding toddlers: a statistical analysis of maternal depression and reflective functioning at Anna Freud’s Parent-Toddler Groups

This study explores the relationship between maternal depression and reflective functioning (RF) within the context of Anna Freud’s Parent-Toddler Groups (PTGs). Reflective functioning, the ability of a parent to mentalize – understanding their child’s mental states – is crucial for healthy child development. Depression has been theorised to impair this capacity, potentially affecting parent-child interactions. This study specifically examines whether mothers with a history of depression demonstrate lower RF at baseline compared to non-depressed mothers, and whether participation in the PTGs enhances RF in these mothers. Using a secondary analysis of data from the PTG database, the study included 28 mothers at baseline, with 24 completing the programme. Reflective functioning was assessed using the Parent Development Interview (PDI), both before and after the mothers’ participation in the PTGs. Contrary to expectations, baseline RF levels did not significantly differ between depressed and non-depressed mothers. Participation in the PTGs improved RF scores across both groups, but only in a statistically significant manner for mothers with no history of depression. These findings suggest that while maternal depression may not directly lower RF, structured group interventions like the PTGs can play a vital role in supporting mothers, regardless of their mental health history, in developing stronger mentalizing capacities.