Temporomandibular Joint Disorders: A Contemporary Review of Anatomy, Biomechanics, Diagnosis, and Treatment Approaches

Background: The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is a complex anatomical structure responsible for essential functions such as mastication, speech, and swallowing. Disorders affecting this system are collectively referred to as temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and represent one of the most common causes of non-dental orofacial pain. TMDs have a multifactorial etiology and may involve muscular, articular, and disc-related pathologies. Clinically, these disorders are characterized by pain, joint sounds, restricted mandibular movements, and functional limitations. Joint sounds are considered important clinical indicators in the early diagnosis of TMDs.Objective: The aim of this review is to describe the anatomical structure, biomechanics, and condylar movement pathways of the temporomandibular joint, and to evaluate the terminology, classification, etiology, and clinical features of temporomandibular disorders in light of current literature. In addition, Summary of Evidence: The physical characteristics, clinical significance, and objective recording methods of TMJ sounds are discussed in detail. The diagnostic process, including anamnesis, clinical examination, muscle and joint assessment, and radiographic imaging techniques, is comprehensively reviewed. Treatment approaches are classified as reversible and irreversible methods, with particular emphasis on the indications and clinical effects of occlusal splint therapy.Conclusion: Accurate diagnosis and effective management of temporomandibular disorders require a thorough understanding of the anatomical, biomechanical, and functional characteristics of the temporomandibular joint. Systematic evaluation of joint sounds provides valuable information for clinical decision-making.