In Situ Growth CNTs and Commercialization MWCNTs Dual-Reinforced MoS2 with Cross-Link Structure for Stable Sodium-Ion Storage

It is essential to design electrode structures which simultaneously ensure mechanical strength and facilitate rapid sodium-ion transport to enable practical and large-scale sodium-ion battery (SIB) applications. In this study, we report a novel anode material featuring a cross-linked architecture composed of MoS2 reinforced internally by catalytically derived CoS2@C-supported carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and externally by commercial multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). This dual-reinforced configuration effectively prevents MoS2 layer aggregation, enhances structural integrity, and establishes continuous conductive frameworks for efficient electron transmission. Additionally, it offers ample ion-diffusion pathways and mechanical resilience to buffer volume changes during cycling. Density functional theory (DFT) simulations reveal that the modified MoS2 structure exhibits a significantly reduced sodium-ion diffusion barrier, contributing to enhanced charge-discharge kinetics. The CoS2@C/CNTs@MoS2@MWCNTs electrode achieves remarkable cycling stability, retaining 395 mA h g−1 at 1 A g−1 for 2000 cycles. In situ X-ray diffraction (XRD) along with kinetic analyses confirm a pseudocapacitance-dominated storage mechanism. Furthermore, full coin-type cells assembled with Na3V2(PO4)3 cathodes demonstrate excellent cycling performance, demonstrating the practical potential of this design strategy for advanced SIBs.