An Assessment of Ethnic-Based Political Movements on the Shaping of Nigerian Federalism in the Fourth Republic, 1999 – 2023

Ethnic-based political movements have played important roles in Nigeria’s federalism from 1999 to 2023, determining electoral victories and leadership directions since the Fourth Republic. This study examined their influence on the shaping of federalism during this period to develop a framework that prevents ethnic sentiments from jeopardising true federalism and national integration. Findings revealed that major ethnic groups significantly influenced party formation, voting patterns, and the allocation of public goods, often sidelining minorities; that elites used ethnic politics to retain control over power and resources; and that these movements fuelled political instability, electoral malpractice, governance crises, and inter-ethnic tensions that weakened national cohesion. The study concluded that ethnic-based movements intensified regional demands and reshaped power dynamics, and recommended redefining citizenship while addressing the indigene-settler divide to reduce tensions and strengthen national integration.