Psychological Abnormalities in Pregnant Women: Prevalence, Risk Factors, Maternal and Foetal Consequences, Assessment, and Management

Pregnancy is often described as a joyful and meaningful stage of a woman’s life. At the same time, it is a period of major physical, emotional, and social change. A woman may experience excitement about becoming a mother while also dealing with fear, uncertainty, physical discomfort, and changes in body image, concerns about the baby, financial responsibilities, and changes in family relationships. For some women, these challenges can become overwhelming and may contribute to significant psychological difficulties during pregnancy. Depression, anxiety, excessive stress, fear of childbirth, trauma-related symptoms, obsessive thoughts, and, in some cases, more severe psychiatric conditions may occur during the antenatal period. Psychological problems during pregnancy are sometimes missed because several symptoms of depression and anxiety—such as tiredness, poor sleep, changes in appetite, and reduced energy—can also occur during a normal pregnancy. This makes it particularly important for healthcare professionals to look beyond physical health and ask women about their emotional well-being. According to the World Health Organisation (WHO, 2022), approximately 10% of pregnant women worldwide experience a mental disorder, with the burden being greater in low- and middle-income countries. Indian studies have reported wide variations in the prevalence of antenatal depression and anxiety, reflecting differences in populations, assessment methods, and social circumstances. A woman’s psychological health during pregnancy can influence her daily functioning, relationships, self-care, antenatal care, and overall pregnancy experience. Psychological difficulties have also been associated with adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes. Early identification through appropriate screening, supportive communication, counselling, psychotherapy, and medication when clinically indicated can help reduce suffering and improve maternal and child health. A compassionate, culturally sensitive, and multidisciplinary approach is therefore essential.