Security Agencies and Tourists’ Perception of Safety During Carnival Calabar in Cross River State, Nigeria

Security remains a major determinant of the success and sustainability of tourism and cultural events across the world. Carnival Calabar, popularly regarded as Africa’s biggest street party, attracts thousands of tourists, residents, investors, and cultural enthusiasts annually. However, the ability of the carnival to achieve its tourism and developmental objectives depends largely on the effectiveness of security agencies in ensuring public safety. This study examined the influence of security agencies on tourists’ perception of safety and willingness to participate in Carnival Calabar in Cross River State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study assessed the role of security agencies in crime reduction, crowd management, and enhancement of tourist confidence during the carnival. A survey research design was adopted, while data were collected through structured questionnaires administered to 280 respondents comprising tourists, residents, vendors, carnival participants, and security personnel. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics including percentages, correlation analysis, ANOVA, and linear regression. The findings revealed that security agencies significantly contribute to perceived safety during the carnival. The regression result showed that perception of crime reduction significantly influenced tourist attendance (β = 0.944, t = 47.534, p < 0.05). Correlation analysis also revealed a strong positive relationship between security collaboration and effective carnival management (r = 0.947, p < 0.01). The study concluded that effective security measures improve tourist confidence, increase participation, and support the development of Carnival Calabar. The study recommended improved inter-agency collaboration, increased manpower, enhanced surveillance technology, and adequate funding for security operations.