Recycling of End-of-Life Crystalline Silicon Photovoltaic Modules: A Comprehensive Review of Technologies, Challenges, and Prospects

As global photovoltaic (PV) installation capacity grows rapidly, the environmental pollution and resource waste from the large-scale end-of-life (EOL) wave have drawn increasing attention. Traditional disposal methods such as landfilling and incineration are no longer viable, making green recycling a logical path for the PV industry. This paper reviews recent progress in the disassembly and recycling of EOL crystalline silicon (c-Si) PV modules. It first describes the structural material composition of c-Si PV modules and summarizes global recycling policies and regulatory frameworks. It then analyzes the mechanisms and process parameters of major delamination technologies, including mechanical crushing, pyrolysis, thermal cutting, high-voltage pulse fragmentation, solvent-based approaches, and laser peeling. Methods for purifying silicon and recovering precious metals such as silver and copper are also covered. Finally, key challenges in the recycling field and future development trends are discussed, with the aim of supporting the advancement of c-Si PV recycling technologies and the sustainable development of related industrial chains.