Anthrax: Clinical Manifestations, Epidemiology, and Preventive Measures

Anthrax is a serious zoonotic disease caused by Bacillus anthracis, mainly affecting herbivorous animals but transmissible to humans through contact, inhalation, or ingestion of contaminated products. Its resilient spores persist in soil for years, causing recurring outbreaks in endemic regions. Human infection occurs in cutaneous, inhalational, and gastrointestinal forms, with inhalational anthrax being the most lethal. The bacterium’s virulence depends on a toxin complex that disrupts immune responses. Early diagnosis and prompt antibiotics greatly improve survival. Prevention relies on livestock vaccination, safe animal-product handling, and strong surveillance. Advances in molecular diagnostics and genomic monitoring are improving outbreak detection and global biosecurity preparedness.