A novel investigation on TiO 2 nanoparticles and hydrogen enrichment on heated biodiesel fueled in CRDI engine

Abstract Present study examines the influence of waste cooking oil methyl ester (B20) blended with TiO 2 nanoparticles (75 ppm) with hydrogen induction (10 lpm) on performance, combustion, and emission behavior on CRDI engine operating at different loads. The research includes the atomization characteristics and the current need for cleaner and sustainable alternative fuel in compression ignition engines by assessing the synergistic effect of heated and unheated biodiesel, induction of gaseous fuel, and nano‐additives. The blend B20 + 75TiO 2 ensured the lowest sauter mean diameter (SMD) at all injection pressures, while diesel showed lowest SMD at all ambient pressures among all test fuels. The blend PB20 + 75TiO 2 _10H2 confirmed the maximum brake thermal efficiency (BTE) of 34.38%, and 10.2% decrease in brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC) compared to diesel. Also, the maximum heat release rate and cylinder pressure were 96 J/ o CA and 91 bar, indicating the enhanced energy conversion respectively. The unburned hydrocarbon (HC) and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions indicated maximum reduction of 43.3% and 41.2% respectively compared to diesel. There was a rise in NOx emission for all blends as compared to diesel due to hydrogen's high flame propagation and in‐cylinder temperature. The combined effect of biodiesel, hydrogen enrichment, and metal oxide nanoparticles improved the combustion efficiency and performance parameters with lowering carbon emissions. Overall, the conclusive summary presents that the ternary blend is capable of replacing diesel due to more energy efficient and cleaner combustion in CI engine without modification.