The multifaceted role of E3 ubiquitin ligase SMURF1 in cellular signaling and disease regulation

ABSTRACT SMAD-specific E3 ubiquitin ligase 1 (SMURF1) is a key regulator of cellular processes through its role in ubiquitination and degradation of various substrate proteins. As a member of the NEDD4 family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, SMURF1 is involved in modulating critical signaling pathways which regulate cellular functions such as proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, and autophagy. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the physiological regulation of SMURF1, its intricate regulatory networks, and its involvement in multiple diseases. The role of SMURF1 in maintaining cellular homeostasis is influenced by transcriptional, post-transcriptional, and post-translational mechanisms. The review highlights the biological regulation of SMURF1 and potential of targeting SMURF1 in precision medicine, proposing future research directions that focus on its molecular mechanisms and therapeutic applications.