Material-driven formation of architectural character in Huangshi sandstone masonry

Abstract Huangshi sandstone masonry is widely used in the historic buildings of Jiaoxi, eastern China, but the relationship between material properties, construction strategies, and architectural character remains unclear. This study investigates quarry-source and building-stone samples using X-ray diffraction, polarized-light petrography, density and bulk water absorption tests, ultrasonic pulse velocity, uniaxial compressive strength testing, architectural documentation, and visual deterioration assessment. The results show quartz-dominated and petrographically compatible sandstone, supporting local provenance. Variations in grain size, lithic fragments, clay matrix, and cementation explain differences in water absorption, ultrasonic response, dynamic stiffness, and strength. These properties support the historical use of Huangshi sandstone in compression-dominated lower-wall and thick-wall masonry systems. Localized deterioration was observed, but the walls remain generally stable. The study provides a material-based framework for conservation assessment and compatible repair.