ICBBA-ACO-Based Multi-Robot Task Allocation for Smart Charging Stations

Smart charging stations require mobile charging robots to respond to dynamically arriving charging requests with heterogeneous priorities, varying travel costs, and uneven workloads while maintaining online scheduling feasibility. Conventional single-layer approaches often optimize task assignment or route ordering separately, which limits their ability to coordinate allocation quality, route efficiency, and workload regulation under real-time constraints. This study proposes a hierarchical improved consensus-based bundle algorithm–ant colony optimization (ICBBA-ACO) framework for dynamic multi-robot task allocation. The upper ICBBA layer combines deterministic task clustering, intra-cluster greedy bundling, conflict resolution, and feedback-guided workload-aware reassignment, while the lower ACO layer refines the visiting order of unstarted tasks under fixed ownership using the same normalized four-objective scheduling cost. Complete decision time is evaluated separately against a 200ms online requirement, and estimated motion energy is retained only as a distance-derived auxiliary indicator. In a five-method comparison over 100 paired scenarios, ICBBA-ACO achieves a mean composite objective of J=0.663052, a mean decision time of 33.07ms, and 100% deadline compliance. GA-MRTA obtains a lower unconstrained mean objective of J=0.615790, but requires approximately 2199.30ms on average and satisfies the 200ms requirement in only 8.89% of the evaluated updates. Thus, ICBBA-ACO provides the lowest mean objective among the compared methods that maintain full deadline compliance, demonstrating a favorable quality–runtime trade-off within the tested operating range. ROS-based engineering verification further completes all 15 repeated trials and all 48 verification tasks with no recorded invariant violations.