Single-Molecule Imaging Reveals ERK-Dependent Spatial Translation in Cardiomyocytes

BACKGROUND: Translational control of gene expression is crucial in cardiomyocytes, particularly in response to hypertrophic stimuli. The ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase) pathway plays a key role in inducing cardiac hypertrophy and regulating specific protein translation. However, it remains unclear how this specificity is achieved, and the spatiotemporal regulation of protein translation is not fully understood. METHODS: We used SINAP (single-molecule imaging of nascent peptide) reporters to visualize and analyze the translation dynamics in single adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes and tracked active translation sites at high spatiotemporal resolution. We also examined the effects of adrenergic stimulation and the role of the ERK pathway in translation localization. RESULTS: Our findings revealed that translation sites are primarily localized near Z-lines in cardiomyocytes, with some sites being highly dynamic and moving during translation. The 3′ untranslated regions did not significantly change the localization of translation. Many translation sites colocalized with microtubules, and their movement predominantly occurred along microtubular tracks. Adrenergic stimulation led to a transient shift in translation activity toward the perinuclear region, peaking at 12 hours and requiring ERK pathway activity for this localization change. This shift is part of the hypertrophic response and is required for early translation of genes such as Nppa . CONCLUSIONS: Our high-resolution single-cell study demonstrates that protein translation in cardiomyocytes is dynamic and responsive to hypertrophic stimuli in an ERK-dependent manner. The localized translation mechanism allows cardiomyocytes to rapidly adapt to changing environments by preferentially translating mRNAs in the perinuclear region. These findings provide new insights into the spatial regulation of translation in cardiomyocytes and its role in cardiac hypertrophy.