Optimal Scheduling of a Photovoltaic–Storage–Charging System Considering Charging Services, Ancillary Service Markets, and Spot Markets

Current research on photovoltaic–storage–charging (PSC) systems operating in market-oriented environments mainly focuses on individual service types, such as charging services or ancillary services, without fully considering the interactions among multiple market mechanisms. In particular, the competition and coordination of shared flexible resources across different markets are seldom explicitly modelled, while the economic opportunities associated with spot market participation are often overlooked. These limitations may lead to an incomplete assessment of the operational flexibility and economic value of PSC systems. To overcome these shortcomings, this paper develops a coordinated scheduling approach for PSC systems participating in multiple markets under market-rule constraints. A unified modelling framework is established to describe the allocation of shared resources among charging services, ancillary service provision, and spot market trading activities. Based on this framework, the scheduling problem is formulated with the objective of maximizing the total economic return of the system. Using charging services and peak-shaving services as representative applications, the proposed method determines both the optimal deployment of flexible regulation resources and the corresponding electricity trading decisions. Numerical results under the representative case study demonstrate that the coordinated utilisation of resources across multiple markets can improve the economic performance of the PSC system compared with single-market participation. The findings further demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed framework in unlocking and quantifying the flexibility value of PSC systems.