Human-Like Attention? A Psychophysical Comparison of Visual Search in Humans and MLLMs

Abstract Visual search is a fundamental cognitive ability. This study investigates whether Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs) exhibit human-like difficulty signatures in visual search tasks. We compared search performance of humans ( n = 1,250) and MLLMs using identical 2D and 3D stimuli across different set sizes. Both groups showed efficient performance in feature searches, most clearly when the target had a unique color, but performance degradation in conjunction searches as set sizes increased. Additionally, we found strong correlations between human and MLLM error rates (ρ = 0.82), which suggests that MLLMs are sensitive to similar objective complexities, such as stimulus heterogeneity. However, differences were found as well: whereas humans invested extra search time to respond accurately on target-absent trials, MLLMs exhibited extreme present/absent response biases in complex searches. We conclude that MLLMs replicate high-level human performance signatures, yet their underlying computations differ significantly.