Systematic investigation on low velocity impact behavior of 3D woven tubular composites: effects of warp density and impactor parameters

This study aims to clarify the low velocity impact (LVI) mechanisms of 3D woven tubular composites (3DWTCs). 3DWTCs with different warp densities were fabricated via vacuum-assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM). The effects of warp density, impact energy, impactor diameter and shape on LVI responses and damage morphologies were investigated. Results show that higher warp density enhances impact resistance by suppressing fiber breakage and crack propagation; impact energy and impactor diameter govern energy absorption and damage scope, while impactor shape determines failure modes. This work clarifies the LVI mechanisms of 3DWTCs and provides guidance for structural optimization and engineering applications.