Insertable Electrochemical Microsensors for In Vivo and In Situ Remote Monitoring of Plant Stress Biomarkers

Abstract Plant productivity, a critical component of global food production, is significantly influenced by abiotic and biotic stress factors. Thus, timely identification of these stresses is crucial for preventing irreparable damage to plant health and productivity. Biomarkers, including ions, phytohormones, gaseous analytes, biomolecules, oxidative stress-related species, and pathogen deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), can serve as indicators for monitoring the health status of plants. Therefore, continuous real-time monitoring of these biomarkers using sensitive methods with short response times is an attractive approach that enables timely action to address potential problems. Unlike conventional analytical techniques, insertable microsensors can be placed within plant tissue to monitor its physiological condition. This review highlights the application of insertable electrochemical microsensors for real-time assessment of plant stress-related biomarkers and the importance of remote monitoring in smart agriculture. Finally, current challenges and prospects for the widespread application of insertable microsensors are discussed.