A Bio-Inspired Framework for Reducing Appearance Bias Dominance and Framing Sensitivity in Chest X-Ray Classification

Although deep learning methods have shown high performance in chest X-ray classification, high accuracy alone does not guarantee reliable reasoning. A model may still exhibit pathological behavior, such as unstable evidence usage under harmless input changes, inconsistent reasoning across augmented views, excessive dependence on surrounding frame information, and appearance bias dominance, where prediction relies too heavily on intensity while neglecting texture and shape. In this paper, we propose a bio-inspired pathology-aware, factor-aware framework for explainable and reliable chest X-ray classification, inspired by biological vision principles such as figure–ground separation, selective attention, and balanced use of complementary visual cues. During training, the method regularizes appearance bias dominance through evidence-guided counterfactual perturbations that mimic cue-suppression analysis in biological perception, thereby revealing and penalizing excessive factor dependence. During testing, it evaluates model behavior using four criteria: reasoning stability, augmentation inconsistency, appearance bias dominance, and framing sensitivity. This combination enables the framework to go beyond conventional inference-time explanation by both correcting pathological behavior during training and exposing it during evaluation. From a biomimetic perspective, the framework encourages the model to separate relevant foreground anatomy from surrounding background and to avoid over-reliance on a single dominant cue. The proposed approach improves interpretability and reliability without modifying the backbone architecture or increasing model size or inference-time cost. The proposed training process improved the F1-score of DenseNet-121 from 0.899 to 0.931, while also producing more stable and balanced reasoning.