Noninnocent Deep Eutectic Solvents Enable Selective, Sustainable Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Electrophile Couplings to Diarylmethanes

We report the first sustainable nickel‐catalyzed cross‐electrophile coupling (XEC) between aryl iodides and benzyl chlorides conducted in a deep eutectic solvent (DES), choline chloride/urea (1:2 mol mol –1 ), replacing the hazardous amide solvents traditionally used in this transformation. The reaction proceeds efficiently under mild (50 °C), aerobic, and heterogeneous conditions, using zinc as the terminal reductant, (dtbbpy)NiBr 2 (2 mol%) as catalyst, and MePh 3 PBr (10 mol%) as additive, delivering a broad range of diarylmethanes in up to 95% yield with wide functional‐group tolerance and gram‐scale applicability within 3 h. Mechanistic and electrochemical studies support a radical/polar crossover pathway in which benzyl radicals, generated off‐cycle from benzyl chlorides, are selectively funneled into productive cross‐coupling through a predominantly Ni(I)/Ni(II)/Ni(III) catalytic manifold rather than diverted into homodimerization. The phosphonium salt appears to modulate nickel speciation, stabilize reduced Ni intermediates, and promote interfacial electron transfer between insoluble substrates and the fraction of nickel catalyst dissolved in the DES. The halide‐rich DES environment likely enhances the reducing power of Zn through Zn 2+ chloride complexation and improved zinc surface activation. Overall, this study establishes DESs as noninnocent media for XEC, providing a sustainable platform beyond conventional volatile organic compound (VOC)‐based solvent systems.

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Publication Details

Journal
ChemSusChem
Published
2026-08-20
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1002/cssc.70970
Primary Topic
Catalytic Cross-Coupling Reactions
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Noninnocent Deep Eutectic Solvents Enable Selective, Sustainable Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Electrophile Couplings to Diarylmethanes

Laëtitia Chausset‐Boissarie, Andrea Nicola Paparella, Filippo Maria Perna, Vito Capriati et al.
ChemSusChem
Catalytic Cross-Coupling Reactions
article

Noninnocent Deep Eutectic Solvents Enable Selective, Sustainable Nickel‐Catalyzed Cross‐Electrophile Couplings to Diarylmethanes

Laëtitia Chausset‐Boissarie, Andrea Nicola Paparella, Filippo Maria Perna, Vito Capriati, Muriel Durandetti, Laura Chevet, Maristella Simone, Alessia Battezzato
article en

Abstract

We report the first sustainable nickel‐catalyzed cross‐electrophile coupling (XEC) between aryl iodides and benzyl chlorides conducted in a deep eutectic solvent (DES), choline chloride/urea (1:2 mol mol –1 ), replacing the hazardous amide solvents traditionally used in this transformation. The reaction proceeds efficiently under mild (50 °C), aerobic, and heterogeneous conditions, using zinc as the terminal reductant, (dtbbpy)NiBr 2 (2 mol%) as catalyst, and MePh 3 PBr (10 mol%) as additive, delivering a broad range of diarylmethanes in up to 95% yield with wide functional‐group tolerance and gram‐scale applicability within 3 h. Mechanistic and electrochemical studies support a radical/polar crossover pathway in which benzyl radicals, generated off‐cycle from benzyl chlorides, are selectively funneled into productive cross‐coupling through a predominantly Ni(I)/Ni(II)/Ni(III) catalytic manifold rather than diverted into homodimerization. The phosphonium salt appears to modulate nickel speciation, stabilize reduced Ni intermediates, and promote interfacial electron transfer between insoluble substrates and the fraction of nickel catalyst dissolved in the DES. The halide‐rich DES environment likely enhances the reducing power of Zn through Zn 2+ chloride complexation and improved zinc surface activation. Overall, this study establishes DESs as noninnocent media for XEC, providing a sustainable platform beyond conventional volatile organic compound (VOC)‐based solvent systems.

ChemSusChemVol. 19(16)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR), Normandie Université (FR), University of Bari Aldo Moro (IT), Université de Rouen Normandie (FR), Institut National des Sciences Appliquées Rouen Normandie (FR)
Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université de Rouen, Région Normandie, Ministero dell'Università e della Ricerca, European Regional Development Fund, XL-Chem Graduate School of Research
Responsible consumption and production
Openalex Percentile: Top 18%
Catalytic Cross-Coupling Reactions
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