Overcoming barriers to achieving a Net Zero agri-food sector: Challenges and solutions

Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions and adapting to climate change have become central to global food security. Whilst there is no legal requirement to reach Net Zero, for many countries, agriculture’s role within a Net Zero food system is fundamental, but this role presents unique challenges across the agri-food sector. Supported with (1) a literature review, (2) policy synthesis, and (3) European case-studies (including, but not limited to the UK, Ireland, and Denmark), we employ qualitative research methods to identify key barriers and potential solutions for a Net Zero agri-food sector. Overall, barriers are embedded within three primary areas: (1) policy, (2) measure, report, and verification protocols, and (3) positive behavioural change. In combination with carbon and biodiversity leakages, an insufficient carbon voluntary market undermines ‘home’ journeys to Net Zero and threatens positive behavioural change. A standardised MRV protocol of Net carbon emissions and removals should be central to this market, one embedded within joined energy and land-use policy frameworks, facilitating public-private partnerships. These partnerships could pay for and oversee the credibility of MRV protocols and prevent multiple vehicles informing national GHG inventories (NGHGI). In addition, successful implementation of certain mitigations are beyond the control of farmers, with responsibilities found within policy, research and development, and societal approval. Further, the interpretation of Net Zero may vary for different stakeholders. A shared co-written communication of each stakeholder’s definition of Net Zero is recommended, one that is nation specific, and can be streamlined into the European Commission.