DARN — Descending Ascending Ramp Network: An Adaptive Engineering and Logistics Framework for the Construction of the Great Pyramid of Khufu

Abstract This paper proposes an alternative logistics model for stone transport during the construction of the major Egyptian pyramids, termed the Descending Ascending Ramp Network (DARN). Rather than relying on a single continuous ramp or a fixed-density network, the model posits a multilevel system of parallel haulage paths whose number decreases with height as the horizontal cross-section of the pyramid shrinks. The model treats stone flow as a multistage logistics process involving transport, staging, redistribution, intermediate storage (WIP), and parallel feeding of multiple workfronts. It is tested computationally through constrained optimization and sensitivity analysis across 540 parameter combinations. Results show that the operational number of ramps N*(h) decreases systematically with height in all tested cases, and that the system can achieve construction timelines consistent with accepted historical estimates under realistic assumptions. The study does not claim that DARN was the historical method employed. Its purpose is to evaluate whether the model constitutes a feasible engineering and logistical solution and whether it generates testable archaeological predictions. Keywords: Great Pyramid of Khufu; archaeological logistics; optimization modelling; construction ramps; Old Kingdom Egypt; DARN.