Micronutrient-Driven Modulation of Growth, Macromolecules, Bioactives, and Antioxidant Defense in Muskmelon Microgreens for an Enriched Functional Food Value

Abstract The current research assessed the influence of two key micronutrients, iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn), on muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) microgreens, revealing comparative impacts on growth, photosynthesis, biochemical responses, and stress modulation. Differential and distinct nutrient-specific effects were observed, as iron-fortified microgreens were distinguished by improved shoot elongation, elevated levels of chlorophyll and antioxidant enzymes, including catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and guaiacol peroxidase (GPOX). While, zinc encouraged carotenoid accumulation, elevated levels of nonenzymatic antioxidants [total phenolics, total flavonoids, and total ascorbic acid (vitamin C)], greater biomass production, and improved root development. Reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in both treatments indicated improved membrane stability, with ZnSO4 proving more effective in mitigating oxidative stress. A concurrent micronutrient-induced substantial enhancement in macromolecules, like proteins, carbohydrates, and antioxidants, such as phenolics, flavonoids, and ascorbate content, etc., further strengthened the idea that the addition of two key micronutrients (Fe and Zn) had improved the dietary value of muskmelon microgreens. Further, the fibrous texture and refreshing sensory profile of muskmelon microgreens supported their versatile integration into diverse dietary formats, positioning them as novel candidates for detoxification and wellness applications, leveraging their potential roles in functional food development. Incorporating these naturally sweetened, micronutrient-fed microgreens into daily meals may serve as an effective, natural, and functional food solution for sustaining energy levels, supporting nutritional diversity, and enhancing overall well-being in a health-conscious manner. The reliability and robustness of the present results were also validated with multivariate statistical tools like PCA, correlation, and radar plot analyses. The current findings underscore targeted and precise micronutrient management in optimizing plant growth and stress tolerance to address micronutrient deficiencies, increase antioxidant defense, and promote healthy consumption with longterm health and disease prevention to make a contribution toward achieving the global sustainable development goals.