Airflow constraints govern natural airborne transmission of tuberculosis

ABSTRACT Tuberculosis (TB) spreads through the air, yet the physical conditions that permit effective airborne transmission remain poorly defined. Although early 20th-century guinea pig studies demonstrated efficient transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), this experimental paradigm has not been reestablished in modern high-containment facilities. Here, we show that airflow can impose constraints that suppress or permit biologically effective exposure between infected and susceptible hosts. Using a guinea pig model of animal-to-animal exposure, we combined transmission experiments with quantitative particle tracking and particle transport modeling to explain why some housing configurations fail to support effective exposure. Static environments and excessive unidirectional airflow prevented transmission, whereas controlled low-velocity airflow restored evidence of exposure, including tuberculin skin test conversion, antigen-specific immune responses, and pulmonary inflammation consistent with early infection. These findings identify airflow as a critical constraint on airborne TB transmission and establish a reproducible experimental framework for dissecting host, microbial, and environmental determinants of spread. IMPORTANCE Tuberculosis remains one of the leading causes of death from infectious disease worldwide, and its spread depends on airborne transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis . Yet surprisingly little is known about the physical conditions that determine when transmission actually occurs. Classic experiments in guinea pigs demonstrated airborne spread of tuberculosis, but these systems have been difficult to reproduce in modern high-containment laboratories. In this study, we show that airflow conditions can determine whether pathogen-containing aerosols persist long enough to expose a susceptible host. By identifying airflow as a key constraint on transmission and establishing an experimental system that functions under contemporary biosafety conditions, this work provides a platform to experimentally dissect how microbial, host, and environmental factors interact to shape tuberculosis spread.