夺回型主体性的制度表达:西方代议制民主的政治哲学起源与四阶段功能时序类型学

English Abstract: Western representative bourgeois democracy was not created ex nihilo, but rather a systematic reconstruction of existing institutional heritage following the establishment of "retrieving subjectivity." Using the Political Philosophy Cohesion Model as an analytical tool, this paper decomposes this reconstruction process into three dimensions—Value (ritual), Methodology (approach), and Tool (warfare)—that evolve asynchronously, and further distills a "four-stage functional chronological typology": the Renaissance—discovering the human and contesting subjectivity through human rights; the Reformation—establishing human subjectivity and abolishing ecclesiastical mediation; the Enlightenment—completing political-philosophical construction during deeper retrieval; and the French and American Revolutions—exemplary implementations of political-philosophical construction. The transformation of political tools (warfare) runs throughout: parliamentary traditions, aristocratic republican forms, bureaucratic systems, common law traditions, and other old institutional heritages are inherited, transformed, and repositioned under new unifying principles. The paper further introduces a "unifying direction criterion" to distinguish new ritual governing old warfare from reverse capture, and uses the divergent paths of Britain and France as cases to demonstrate how the timing and intensity of the Reformation determined the distinct forms of the Enlightenment in each country. This framework reveals the complete trajectory of European retrieving subjectivity from culture to faith to philosophy to politics, forming a precise contrast with the Chinese built-in subjectivity that completed three-dimensional homologous construction at its source in a single act. The paper's core thesis is that the fundamental difference between the two civilizations' institutional construction paths lies not in "speed in time," but in "homology in logic"—China's creation was three-dimensionally homologous, while Europe's creation was three-dimensionally heterologous, with the latter entailing continuous adaptive tension. Keywords: Retrieving Subjectivity; Representative Democracy; Institutional Reconstruction; Civilizational Creation Logic; Renaissance; Reformation; Enlightenment; Political Philosophy Cohesion Model; Ritual and Warfare; Unifying Direction Criterion; Matrix Homology.