Transparent and Adaptive Gaming: The Role of Explainable AI and Dynamic Difficulty

Adaptive game systems are evolving rapidly, yet the combination of Dynamic Difficulty Adjustment (DDA), a technique that modifies a game’s challenge level based on player performance, and Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI), which makes AI decisions transparent and understandable, remains largely unexplored. DDA is used across a range of game genres, including racing, multiplayer online battle arenas (MOBAs), strategy games, card games, fighting games, turn-based battle systems, action games, and first-person shooters (FPS). However, its lack of transparency can frustrate players and reduce perceived fairness. Narrative-driven role-playing games (RPGs) pose additional challenges, where difficulty changes must be consistent with story progression and character development. While both DDA and XAI are advancing independently, there is little research addressing their integration in games. This review paper identifies a critical gap and argues for more transparent, player-aware adaptive systems. By bridging DDA and XAI, future game design can foster trust, enhance fairness, and create more engaging and personalized player experiences.