Research on the optimal design of classroom space parameters in universities based on visual comfort – a case study of Qingdao, China

Vision, as a fundamental human sense, relies on appropriate daylight to safeguard university students’ visual health and enhance the speed and accuracy of visual information processing. This study employs dynamic daylight simulation and Multi-Objective Optimization (MOO) to determine the optimal parameter set for classroom spaces at Qingdao University, China. Field surveys of eight classrooms were conducted to establish models. Using Ladybug Tools simulations, the effects of orientation, room height, and window opening parameters Spatial Daylight Autonomy (sDA750lx,50%) and Annual Sunlight Exposure (ASE3000lx,250h) were analysed. The Octopus algorithm’s Pareto front optimization results indicate that a north-facing classroom with a height of 3.6 m, bay dimensions of 10.2 × 7.5 m, a window-to-floor ratio of 0.29, and a window height of 2.4 m achieves the optimal balance between sDA and ASE, satisfying daylighting quality while minimizing overexposure. For south-facing classrooms, a lower window height (2.1 m) and reduced window-to-floor ratio (0.22) are recommended to mitigate direct glare whilst maintaining adequate illuminance. By integrating physical simulation with visual comfort metrics, this study establishes a data-driven framework for daylighting design, providing actionable guidelines for architects to optimize spatial parameters in comparable climatic zones and promote visual health and task efficiency within university classrooms.