Detection of Kernel-Level Spoilage Adulteration in Dried Goji Berries Using Zero-Shot Learning and Computer Vision

Hidden adulteration of stale berries in dried goji berry batches is difficult to detect by manual inspection or batch-level quality assessment. This study developed a high-throughput method for kernel-level spoilage adulteration quantification in dried goji berries. It addressed three practical challenges in the image processing of densely arranged dried-fruits, including scalable label generation for deep learning segmentation without pixel-level manual annotation, separation of densely touching small berries, and full-size quality level distribution map reconstruction. SAM-assisted pseudo-label generation combined with multi-scale image cropping was used to overcome the limitation of manual pixel-level annotation, while YOLO-based instance segmentation was further employed for efficient berry localization in dense scenes. The freshness labels of segmented single berries were assigned by a statistical RGB-HSV grading rule. Specifically, adaptive multi-scale image cropping for segmentation was applied to improve local separability of berries under dense adhesion and occlusion conditions. The crop-level segmentation and grading outputs were subsequently reconstructed into the original image coordinate system to generate complete quality distribution maps. Results showed that YOLO models trained based on the pseudo-labels achieved a precision of 0.953, a recall of 0.951, an mAP50 of 0.960, and an mAP50-95 of 0.846. The full-size grading map reconstruction method produced a mean duplicate-suppression rate of 4.31%. In the full freshness-grading test dataset, 4850 berries were detected, including 449 stale berries. The mean absolute counting error was 1.61%. The proposed framework reduces manual annotation requirements while enabling berry-level freshness classification and quantitative stale-berry proportion estimation, providing objective information for dried fruit quality screening and adulteration control.