Role of Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals in Compromised Intelligence Quotient (IQ) and Cognitive Functions: A Review

Endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are found in the environment and foods and have potential to impact hormonal signaling. This review explores the impact of EDC on neurodevelopmental abilities, including direct intelligence quotient (IQ) decline and neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We conducted a thorough review of the literature on experimental, epidemiological, and cohort studies to determine the effects of EDCs such as bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, heavy metals, pesticides, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) on IQ and cognitive function. The review sources elaborate the mechanism of action, including thyroid hormone disruption, changes in neurotransmitters, oxidative damage, neuroinflammation, obesity, and epigenetic alterations. Overall, the evidence suggests that prenatal and early-life exposure to EDCs is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders. However, the findings are heterogeneous across the different EDC exposures. These findings support the existence of brain structural and functional abnormalities resulting from exposure to EDCs. The review also highlights that exposure to EDCs poses a significant public health risk, particularly during the brain development.