Influence of synthesis pH and temperature on the structural properties of hydroxyapatite for perovskite solar cell application

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) was synthesized under varying pH conditions and temperatures to investigate the influence of synthesis parameters on its structural properties and potential application in perovskite-based solar cells. The structural characteristics of the synthesized materials were systematically analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Key parameters including crystallite size, microstrain, dislocation density, crystallinity index, texture coefficient, and lattice parameters were evaluated. The morphology was examined using SEM and the lead absorption capability of the HAP material was confirmed with ICP-OES analysis. The results revealed that variations in both pH and synthesis temperature significantly affected the structural properties of HAP which in turn impacted the lead absorption. Increasing the pH and temperature led to a reduction in crystallite size and a corresponding increase in structural defects and lattice strain. These findings demonstrate that careful control of synthesis conditions can effectively tailor the crystallographic and microstructural properties of HAP which demonstrated improved absorption of the lead ions. This observation provides valuable insight into its optimization for potential applications in perovskite-based photovoltaic devices.