4D Shape-Memory VPP Photopolymers

This white paper describes 4D shape-memory VPP photopolymers, where printed parts can be programmed to change shape or recover geometry under controlled stimulus after printing. 4D shape-memory behaviour requires coupling between polymer network architecture, transition temperature, programmed deformation, recovery cycle, part geometry and service environment. The material is not only printed; it is programmed through a defined thermo-mechanical workflow.