Defensive Architecture and Human Security in the Indus-Saraswati Civilisation in Eastern Domain (Haryana): A Case Study on Fortification Wall

This research paper examines the defensive Harappan architecture and its implications for human security within the Indus-Saraswati Civilisation, with a specific emphasis on the eastern domain, focusing on key sites such as Balu, Bhirrana, Rakhigarhi, Banawali etc. This Bronze Age civilisation, known as the first urban civilisation in South-Asian sub-content although it’s advanced urban planning and trade networks have received a lot of attention; less emphasis has been placed on its defensive architecture and its role in ensuring human security. The main objective of this study is to fill this gap by examining the defensive structure of the Harappan civilisation. Through a multidisciplinary approach combining archaeological evidence, geographical analysis, layout, design, and placement of defensive structure such as fortification wall, gateways and bastions this study aims to throw light on advanced understanding of the Harappan people in the eastern region.