Homogenizer-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction followed by ion mobility spectrometry for the fluconazole determination in real samples

This study developed a new method based on homogenizer-assisted dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (HA-DLLME) followed by ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) for determining fluconazole in different samples. A homogenizer was used to disperse the extraction solvent, which has the advantage of simplicity, uniform dispersion, and the absence of harmful waves. The response surface methodology (RSM) based on the central composite design (CCD) was employed to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimal conditions proposed for extraction using a solvent mixture of dibromomethane and toluene in a ratio of 70:30 are as follows: a solvent volume of 56 µL, a solution pH of 10, the addition of salt at a concentration of 9.85% (w/v), a stirring speed of 16,000 rpm, and a homogenization time of 4 s. The analytical performances of the method for this analyte were also studied. The method was linear in the range of 5 to 100 µg L − 1 with a determination coefficient of 0.9964. The limit of detection for the method was calculated to be 2.3 µg L⁻¹. The relative standard deviations were below 4.5%. The suggested method was investigated for the determination of fluconazole in real samples, including human breast milk, urine, and river water. The relative recoveries for the studied samples obtained between 98.7 and 106.8%.