Phenonium‐Ion‐Mediated Skeletal Editing of Paracyclophanes

ABSTRACT Phenonium ions have played a central role in physical–organic chemistry, yet their use as strategic intermediates in synthesis remains underexplored. Here, we report a phenonium‐ion‐mediated strategy for the skeletal editing of paracyclophanes. Installation of a one‐carbon handle at the aliphatic bridge, followed by direct alcohol activation with BF 3 ·OEt 2 under solvolysis‐avoiding conditions, generates a paracyclophane‐derived phenonium ion that undergoes regioselective ring opening by external nucleophiles. This strategy provides modular access to functionalized higher paracyclophane homologues and tolerates S‐, N‐, C‐, selenium‐, and halide‐based nucleophiles under operationally simple, gram‐scalable conditions. The sequence can be applied iteratively and extended to double bridge expansion, while reductive desulfurization furnishes the corresponding parent hydrocarbons. Mechanistic studies combining nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, kinetic analysis, stereochemical probes, and density functional theory calculations support a self‐accelerating mechanism in which product water shifts BF 3 speciation toward BF 3 ·H 2 O, which assists leaving‐group departure through hydrogen‐bond donation and thereby facilitates phenonium‐ion formation. Together, these results establish paracyclophane‐derived phenonium ions as controllable intermediates for skeletal editing and provide practical access to higher paracyclophane topologies with application potential in functional materials, as exemplified by a bridge‐expanded thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter.

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Publication Details

Journal
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
Published
2026-11-02
DOI
https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.7491177
Primary Topic
Synthesis and Properties of Aromatic Compounds
Type
article
Field-Weighted Citation Impact
0.00

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article

Phenonium‐Ion‐Mediated Skeletal Editing of Paracyclophanes

Tilman Köhler, Olaf Fuhr, Eli Zysman‐Colman, Stefan Braese et al.
2 links
Angewandte Chemie International Edition
Synthesis and Properties of Aromatic Compounds
article

Phenonium‐Ion‐Mediated Skeletal Editing of Paracyclophanes

Tilman Köhler, Olaf Fuhr, Eli Zysman‐Colman, Stefan Braese, Jasmin Seibert, Maximilian Hartmann, Pascal Marx, Andre Jung
article en

Abstract

ABSTRACT Phenonium ions have played a central role in physical–organic chemistry, yet their use as strategic intermediates in synthesis remains underexplored. Here, we report a phenonium‐ion‐mediated strategy for the skeletal editing of paracyclophanes. Installation of a one‐carbon handle at the aliphatic bridge, followed by direct alcohol activation with BF 3 ·OEt 2 under solvolysis‐avoiding conditions, generates a paracyclophane‐derived phenonium ion that undergoes regioselective ring opening by external nucleophiles. This strategy provides modular access to functionalized higher paracyclophane homologues and tolerates S‐, N‐, C‐, selenium‐, and halide‐based nucleophiles under operationally simple, gram‐scalable conditions. The sequence can be applied iteratively and extended to double bridge expansion, while reductive desulfurization furnishes the corresponding parent hydrocarbons. Mechanistic studies combining nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, kinetic analysis, stereochemical probes, and density functional theory calculations support a self‐accelerating mechanism in which product water shifts BF 3 speciation toward BF 3 ·H 2 O, which assists leaving‐group departure through hydrogen‐bond donation and thereby facilitates phenonium‐ion formation. Together, these results establish paracyclophane‐derived phenonium ions as controllable intermediates for skeletal editing and provide practical access to higher paracyclophane topologies with application potential in functional materials, as exemplified by a bridge‐expanded thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter.

Angewandte Chemie International Edition
Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE), University of St Andrews (GB)
Fonds der Chemischen Industrie, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
Openalex Percentile: Top 54%
Synthesis and Properties of Aromatic Compounds
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