Phenonium‐Ion‐Mediated Skeletal Editing of Paracyclophanes
ABSTRACT Phenonium ions have played a central role in physical–organic chemistry, yet their use as strategic intermediates in synthesis remains underexplored. Here, we report a phenonium‐ion‐mediated strategy for the skeletal editing of paracyclophanes. Installation of a one‐carbon handle at the aliphatic bridge, followed by direct alcohol activation with BF 3 ·OEt 2 under solvolysis‐avoiding conditions, generates a paracyclophane‐derived phenonium ion that undergoes regioselective ring opening by external nucleophiles. This strategy provides modular access to functionalized higher paracyclophane homologues and tolerates S‐, N‐, C‐, selenium‐, and halide‐based nucleophiles under operationally simple, gram‐scalable conditions. The sequence can be applied iteratively and extended to double bridge expansion, while reductive desulfurization furnishes the corresponding parent hydrocarbons. Mechanistic studies combining nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, kinetic analysis, stereochemical probes, and density functional theory calculations support a self‐accelerating mechanism in which product water shifts BF 3 speciation toward BF 3 ·H 2 O, which assists leaving‐group departure through hydrogen‐bond donation and thereby facilitates phenonium‐ion formation. Together, these results establish paracyclophane‐derived phenonium ions as controllable intermediates for skeletal editing and provide practical access to higher paracyclophane topologies with application potential in functional materials, as exemplified by a bridge‐expanded thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitter.
Authors
- Tilman Köhler (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0009-6122-7739)
- Olaf Fuhr (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3516-2440)
- Eli Zysman‐Colman (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7183-6022)
- Stefan Braese (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4845-3191)
- Jasmin Seibert (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2869-350X)
- Maximilian Hartmann (ORCID: https://orcid.org/0009-0007-0973-3605)
- Pascal Marx
- Andre Jung
Institutions
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (DE)
- University of St Andrews (GB)
Publication Details
- Journal
- Angewandte Chemie International Edition
- Published
- 2026-11-02
- DOI
- https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.7491177
- Primary Topic
- Synthesis and Properties of Aromatic Compounds
- Type
- article
- Field-Weighted Citation Impact
- 0.00
Funders
- Fonds der Chemischen Industrie
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Ministerium für Wissenschaft, Forschung und Kunst Baden-Württemberg
- Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council