Farmers’ Perspectives on Climate Change and Heat Stress Adaptation in Rural Zambia: A Just Transformations Approach

Climate change adaptation projects and initiatives are increasingly being implemented in rural farming communities. These initiatives have the potential to assist small-scale farmers in confronting environmental and social issues and health-related challenges, such as heat stress. However, questions remain regarding their effectiveness, inclusivity, and long-term sustainability. This study examined farmers’ perspectives on climate change and heat-stress adaptation initiatives in Zambia using the Just Transformations Framework. Focus group discussions supported by photo elicitation were conducted among small-scale farmers in Monze and Sioma Districts. Farmers described experiencing reduced agricultural productivity and changing weather patterns. They identified a range of adaptation responses, including reforestation, stricter regulation of charcoal and timber production, Indigenous Knowledge practices that aid heat stress prevention (e.g., traditional water coolers), and support from government and non-governmental stakeholders. While some participants acknowledged the value of climate-related projects and interventions, many raised concerns about limited inclusivity, bureaucratic barriers, and unequal access to resources and project benefits. Findings also revealed a gap between externally designed projects and the priorities identified by local communities. Consequently, farmers reported that climate change initiatives often fail to address their most urgent needs or provide visible benefits at household level. This study emphasizes the importance of justice-oriented and community-driven approaches in the design and implementation of climate change initiatives. Greater attention to local priorities, participation, and equity is essential for ensuring that climate interventions are effective, sustainable, and responsive to local contexts.