Characterization and adoption of sustainable intensification practices in maize (Zea mays L.) production systems in South Kivu, DR Congo

Maize farming plays a central role in food security and household income in South Kivu. However, the process of intensification of this agro-ecosystem remains poorly studied in the agro-ecological zones of South Kivu. Therefore, which intensive agricultural practices are adopted within maize farms in South Kivu, and how are these practices influenced by farm characteristics and distribution? This study aimed to characterize maize farms based on their level of intensification, to evaluate their distribution and to identify the socio-economic factors influencing the adoption of intensive agricultural practices. A quantitative survey was conducted among 287 farmers distributed across Kabare (91), Walungu (100), and Uvira (96). Data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) to establish the typology, completed by logistic regression to estimate the determinants of adoption. Four types of maize farms were identified: low-intensive farms, large farms with moderate adoption, diversified farms with partial adoption, and highly intensive farms. Low-intensive farms (43.5%) are generally small-scale, with an average size of 1.69 ± 0.68 ha. Large farms with moderate adoption (12.7%) are characterized by relatively good access to credit (83.3%) and partial use of chemical fertilizers (52.8%). Diversified farms with partial adoption (33.9%) combine mixed cropping systems with the use of organic fertilizers (44.8%). Finally, highly intensive farms (9.9%) are larger on average (3.79 ha) and are mainly specialized in maize production. Spatially, Kabare shows the highest proportion of intensive farms (≈ 45–50%), followed by Walungu (≈ 35–40%), while Uvira was dominated by low-intensity farms (> 60%). The use of chemical fertilizers remains low (Kabare 15.6%, Walungu 10%, Uvira 0%), whereas organic fertilization is widely practiced (Kabare 98.9%, Walungu 89%, Uvira 46.2%). Regression results indicate that access to credit (OR = 3.27; p = 0.021), household size (OR = 2.45; p = 0.038), farming experience (OR = 1.89; p = 0.044), and income derived from maize (OR = 3.96; p = 0.035) positively influence the adoption of intensive practices. Maize farming systems in South Kivu show strong heterogeneity in the adoption of intensive agricultural practices across farm types and territories. Strengthening access to credit, inputs, and extension services is essential to enhance the adoption of these practices and promote sustainable intensification in the region.