Static antisolvent processing for scalable and sustainable perovskite photovoltaics

Abstract Metal halide perovskite solar cells have achieved remarkable laboratory-scale efficiencies, but their commercialization requires processing strategies that are reproducible, scalable, sustainable, and broadly applicable. Here, we introduce a static antisolvent treatment applied after film deposition. By incorporating isopropanol into a conventional low-polarity antisolvent, we accelerate and homogenize perovskite crystallization through enhanced polarity and improved interaction with precursors and deposition solvents. In situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering and photoluminescence reveal the formation of larger, more uniformly distributed crystalline nanodomains during static treatment with the binary antisolvent. The method is effective for four perovskite compositions under 30% relative humidity, and replacing aromatic antisolvents with eco-friendly ethyl acetate preserves film quality while improving sustainability. We further validate the approach in 25 cm² single-junction minimodules and perovskite/silicon tandem devices, achieving power conversion efficiencies of 18.1% and 27.7%, respectively. Taken together, these findings provide a scalable and sustainable route for the fabrication of perovskite photovoltaics.