A recent update on luteolin: mechanisms and therapeutic implications in cardiac disease

To evaluate the cardioprotective effects of luteolin, a naturally occurring flavonoid, in mitigating critical pathological processes linked to cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including oxidative stress, inflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and endothelial damage. Luteolin, found in celery, parsley, green peppers, and chamomile tea, exhibits significant cardioprotective properties through various mechanisms. It activates the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway, suppresses NF-κB-mediated inflammation, regulates apoptosis, and preserves the functionality of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS). In preclinical studies involving isoproterenol- and doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, luteolin was shown to reduce oxidative stress, decrease apoptosis, and improve cardiac structure and function. Compared to other flavonoids like quercetin and resveratrol, luteolin demonstrates more potent endothelial-protective effects and a balanced modulation of antioxidant and apoptotic pathways. The diverse actions and natural origin of luteolin make it a promising candidate for CVD prevention and as an adjunctive therapy. Future research should focus on rigorously designed clinical trials to validate its efficacy in heart failure, ischemic injury, and drug-induced cardiotoxicity, thus enhancing its application in clinical practice.