Mechanisms and models of charging processes in redox mediator-assisted Li-O2 batteries

Abstract Non-aqueous lithium-oxygen (Li-O 2 ) batteries provide extremely high theoretical energy density but still face challenges such as high charging overpotentials, sluggish kinetics, and unwanted side reactions. This work summarizes the mechanisms of the oxygen evolution reaction and soluble redox mediators (RMs). It further highlights recent advances in charging models, discusses their existing limitations, and outlines prospective research directions.