Covalent organic framework-based hybrid architectonics for catalytic upgrading of agro-waste-derived platform molecules into biofuels and fine chemicals

The catalytic transformation of biomass to high value sustainable platform chemicals presents an auspicious avenue for developing a renewable bio-economy. The conversion of C5 and C6 from xylose and glucose involves two-step processes of tandem hydrogenative hydrogenolysis reaction. Recently, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and COF-based hybrid architectonic have gathered considerable research interest for the direct synthesis of fine chemicals from biomass via dihydroxylation owing to their functionalized active sites and well-ordered porous structures. The present review includes the fundamentals of catalytic hydrogenolysis of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5‑HMF) to 2,5-dimethylfuran (2,5-DMF) and furfural production. It includes the synthesis, characterization and properties of COFs-based architectonics for catalytic hydrogenolysis . Numerous studies are compared on the basis of their conversion efficiency, catalytic performance, recyclability, and reusability for the potential conversion of 5‑HMF to 2,5-DMF. The mechanistic insights, relationship between the structural features, and reaction pathways are elaborated in detail. Finally, the limitations and future perspectives are covered that will be helpful for “plug-and-play” during the cascade processes including the upgradation of downstream process in combination with continuous-flow reactors, linking with in-situ spectroscopy with DFT and machine learning, etc. for sustainable platform chemical production.