LINE-1 Epigenetic Repression and Regulation of Immunity

The long interspersed element-1 (LINE-1) family is the sole remaining transposable element family that is capable of autonomous retrotransposition in humans. LINE-1 expression, tightly controlled through epigenetic mechanisms, has complex effects on gene regulation. Due to their similarity to retroviruses, once activated, LINE-1s have the ability to trigger pathways involved in innate and adaptive immunity with both beneficial and detrimental effects. This review will explore the mechanisms and importance of LINE-1 epigenetic repression and the potential outcomes of LINE-1 expression, with a focus on their immunogenic roles in innate and adaptive immunity.