The human-waterbird interaction paradox: Divergent drivers of ecological knowledge and conservation attitudes in an Afro-tropical wetland, Ethiopia

Abstract Background : Understanding the socio-demographic, psychological, and environmental drivers that shape ecological knowledge and conservation attitudes is critical for effective wetland management. We investigated the drivers of ecological knowledge and conservation attitudes toward waterbirds in the Lake Tana sub-basin wetlands, Ethiopia, a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve facing escalating anthropogenic pressures. Methods : Data were collected from 384 residents across a gradient of anthropogenic disturbance (agricultural-impacted, urban-impacted, and least-disturbed wetlands). Using household survey, photo recognition test, and standardized robust regression model, we investigated the impact of socio-demographic, spatial, and psychological variables on ecological knowledge and conservation attitude toward waterbirds. Results : Species identification knowledge was low, with respondents correctly identifying only 15% of the focal species. However, respondents demonstrated substantial experiential awareness, accurately perceiving declining population trends for culturally salient species. Generalized linear models (GLMs) revealed that ecological knowledge was primarily driven by experiential and spatial factor, including active conservation participation ( β = 0.37, p < 0.001), spatial proximity ( β = −0.52, p < 0.001), nature connectedness ( β = 0.24, p < 0.001), and age ( β = 0.35, p < 0.001). Conversely, conservation attitudes were strongly positive and shaped by psychological drivers, particularly active conservation participation ( β = 0.55, p < 0.001), interest in birds ( β = 0.27, p < 0.001), and perception of ecosystem services ( β = 0.19, p < 0.001). Respondents identified agricultural encroachment, overgrazing, and urban expansion as the most critical threats to wetland ecosystems. Respondents showed strongest support for incentive-based and community-based conservation approaches reflecting strong local livelihood and conservation linkages. Conclusion : Our findings reveal a pronounced “knowledge-perception paradox,” whereby local communities exhibit positive conservation attitudes and strong concern for ecological declines despite limited taxonomic knowledge. These findings highlight integrating experiential local knowledge, enhancing nature connectedness, and promoting participatory management frameworks to support synergistic frameworks that enhance ecological integrity while also contributing to the long-term well-being of local communities in Afro-tropical landscapes.