Women’s economic empowerment through coastal eco-tourism in Malaysia: a qualitative meta-synthesis using algorithmic methods

This study examines the contribution of coastal eco-tourism towards women’s economic empowerment in Malaysia. The study focuses on Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) 1 (No Poverty), 5 (Gender Equality), 8 (Decent Work and Economic Growth), and 14 (Life Below Water). The literature was systematically reviewed using a qualitative meta-synthesis approach, with algorithm-assisted screening and thematic analysis. Based on the inclusion criteria, eight empirical studies from Malaysia and two empirical studies from Indonesia were selected. The criteria focused on economic outcomes for women such as income generation, employment, business ownership, and financial decision-making. The findings highlight the roles of women as entrepreneurs, employees, homestay operators, tour guides and community leaders that lead to increased income, financial autonomy, business ownership and decision-making. We found regional differences with empowerment outcomes being stronger in East Malaysia. For example, Sabah earned RM600 to RM1,000 a month, Tioman had successful family-run eco-tourism businesses and Redang Island created job opportunities. Institutional support and skills development were highlighted as important enablers. However, limited access to capital and sociocultural norms remained major barriers. The study demonstrates the importance of algorithm-assisted qualitative meta-synthesis and provides evidence to support gender-sensitive policies for the inclusive and sustainable development of coastal eco-tourism.