Decarbonising Transport, Energising the Grid: A Study of Electric Vehicle–Grid Interactions in New Zealand

The transport sector contributes nearly 20% of New Zealand’s total greenhouse gas emissions, making it crucial for interventions to meet the 2050 net-zero target. Transitioning to electric vehicles (EVs) presents a sustainable solution but poses challenges in electricity distribution due to unpredictable EV charging behaviours. This research addresses these challenges by developing three mathematical models that optimise EV charging patterns, manage power flow along distribution lines and incorporate battery storage systems. Using the Tāmaki area as a case study, the models analyse total energy demand and optimal battery storage size, revealing that a 3.49 MWh battery system could mitigate the projected 2040 peak daily grid energy demand of 541.5 MWh and avoid costly power line upgrades. The study also introduces a vehicle-to-grid (V2G) integration model, showcasing its potential to reduce grid dependence and improve energy utilisation. The findings provide critical insights for Auckland’s electricity distribution companies, supporting strategic asset upgrades and offering evidence-based guidance for government policies on EV adoption. In summary, this research provides innovative solutions for optimising EV charging infrastructure, benefiting utility companies and policymakers by informing data-driven decisions. The comprehensive approach, which includes power flow, battery storage, and V2G technology, presents a scalable framework for international cities facing similar challenges, promoting global sustainable transport solutions towards achieving international climate targets and sustainable urban development.