Review of Nanoparticle-Based Therapeutics: Comparative Clinical Translation, Safety Barriers, and Regulatory Challenges

Nanotechnology has emerged as a transformative approach in modern medicine, offering innovative strategies for disease diagnosis, treatment, and prevention. Nanoparticles, typically ranging from 1 to 100 nm in size, possess unique physicochemical properties that enable targeted drug delivery, enhanced therapeutic efficacy, and reduced systemic toxicity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the major types of nanoparticles used in disease treatment, including lipid-based, polymeric, metallic, magnetic, and carbon-based nanoparticles. Their applications across various disease domains, such as cancer, infectious diseases, neurological disorders, and cardiovascular conditions, are discussed. In addition, the benefits and limitations associated with nanoparticle-based therapies, including safety concerns and regulatory challenges, are critically examined. Finally, future perspectives on the clinical translation and advancement of nanomedicine are highlighted.