Meta-regulator No.5. Proton buffer: acid-base equilibrium maintenance system

The proton-buffer regulator is an integrative system that maintains the concentration of protons (pH) in all fluids of the body within a narrow physiological range. It is based on buffer systems (bicarbonate, protein, phosphate, hemoglobin), respiratory regulation (control of pCO₂ through ventilation) and renal regulation (proton excretion, bicarbonate reabsorption, ammoniogenesis). parameters (buffer concentrations, pH, pCO₂, pO₂, anion difference, buffer capacity). The effect on twenty meta-environments of the body has been shown. Pathological conditions with pH shifts (metabolic and respiratory acidosis and alkalosis, chronic subclinical acidosis) and methods of correction (dietary interventions, bicarbonates, breathing exercises) are considered.