BIOLOGY AND MECHANISM OF HELICOBACTER PYLORI INFECTION IN MAN

Helicobacter pylori is a highly adapted Gram-negative bacterium that chronically colonizes the human stomach and remains one of the most prevalent bacterial infections worldwide. Despite the hostile acidic environment of the gastric lumen, H. pylori successfully establishes long-term infection through a complex process of biological adaptation and host–pathogen interaction. This scoping review maps and synthesizes evidence on the biology and mechanisms of H. pylori infection in humans, with emphasis on its survival strategies, stages of infection, virulence factors, immune evasion mechanisms, and modes of transmission.