Migration crimes in the horn of Africa: examining policies, legal frameworks, and strategies to tackle vulnerabilities and the humanitarian-security nexus

Abstract Migration-related crimes, such as human trafficking and smuggling, are key issues in the Horn of Africa, affecting Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, and Somalia. These problems stem from socioeconomic instability, conflict, fragile governance, and porous borders. Ethiopia and Djibouti have anti-trafficking laws, while Eritrea and Somalia have weaker frameworks. Understanding each country's context is crucial. This study uses qualitative Delphi surveys and interviews with law enforcement, community leaders, and CSOs, along with quantitative data from 18 KIIs and 119 Delphi participants (reduced to 77 in the second round), conducted from March 2025 to July 2025 across these nations to account for seasonal and regional differences. It highlights migrants' vulnerability to conflict and economic hardship. Findings show differences in vulnerability and enforcement, as well as shared structural challenges. An intersectional approach that combines humanitarian protection and human rights is recommended to address both systemic and immediate harms. The research stresses regional coordination, better border governance, stronger institutions, harmonized laws, and improved cooperation.