Classes beyond the classroom? Social class and the perceived value of non-formal education for skills development

Previous research has extensively documented class differences in the value attached to formal education. However, less is known about class differences in conceptions of non-formal education as a route for skills development. To address this gap, we distinguish between two conceptions of education, narrow and expansive, based on the degree of acceptance of non-formal education as a setting where skills can be developed (breadth), and views on the types of skills that can be developed (depth). Using survey data from 28 European countries we find small social class differences in terms of breadth but more significant regarding depth. In particular, we find differences in the value attached to non-formal education as a setting for the development of high-order skills (subject specific and generic skills), which are important for labour market success. Conceptions of the value of non-formal education for skills development thus emerge as a source of educational and occupational inequality.